Introduction
Advancements in genetics and molecular biology have significantly expanded the scope of andrology. Modern andrological practice increasingly incorporates genetic analysis to explain male infertility, congenital abnormalities, and hereditary reproductive disorders.
Genetic Causes of Male Reproductive Disorders
Genetic abnormalities such as Y-chromosome microdeletions, Klinefelter syndrome, and mutations affecting sperm motility are common contributors to male infertility. These conditions may impair spermatogenesis or hormonal regulation at a molecular level.
Molecular Mechanisms
At the molecular level, gene expression, erotic function, protein synthesis, and cellular signaling pathways influence sperm development and function. Oxidative stress, DNA fragmentation, and mitochondrial dysfunction are key molecular factors studied in andrology.
Diagnostic Applications
Genetic testing and molecular diagnostics allow for precise identification of underlying causes of infertility. These tools support personalized treatment strategies and informed reproductive counseling.
Conclusion
The integration of genetics and molecular biology into andrology has transformed the understanding of male reproductive disorders. This approach enhances diagnostic accuracy and advances personalized medicine in men’s health.